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Article History

Received: 24 March 2025

Accepted: 21 August 2025

First Online: 27 August 2025

Declarations

:

: Alba Atienza Párraga is an employee of Illumina Sweden AB; Klev Diamanti is an employee of Proteomic Sciences at Thermo Fisher Scientific; Aron Skaftason is an employee of deCODE genetics, a subsidiary of Amgen and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Anqi Ma is an employee of Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Dr. San Diego, CA, 92121, USA; Jian Jin is a cofounder and equity shareholder in Cullgen, Inc., a scientific cofounder and scientific advisory board member of Onsero Therapeutics, Inc., and a consultant for Cullgen, Inc., EpiCypher, Inc., Accent Therapeutics, Inc, and Tavotek Biotherapeutics, Inc. The Jin laboratory received research funds from Celgene Corporation, Levo Therapeutics, Inc., Cullgen, Inc. and Cullinan Oncology, Inc.; Jan Komorowski, Senior Professor of Bioinformatics, Uppsala University; Affiliate Faculty Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA and Visiting Professor, Institute of Computer Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland is the CEO, Methority AB, is the CEO and share-holder of Pantherai AB, a holding company for 1/3 of Methority AB; Lucyna Komorowska, Jan Komorowski’s wife, is a share-holder of Pantherai AB, a holding company for 1/3 of Methority AB.

: This project included no in vivo studies and ChIP-seq, ATAC-seq and RNA-seq data from primary MM and NPCs samples were provided by The Blueprint Consortium of hematopoietic epigenomes and are publicly available. DNA methylation data (Human Methylation 450k BeadChip Illumina) of primary MM and normal BMPCs was kindly provided by Dr. Martín-Subero and is publicly available5.