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Authors
Qamar, Saqib
Furqan Qadri, Syed
Alroobaea, Roobaea
Alshmrani, Goram Mufarah
Fazil, Mohd
Jiang, Richard
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Lancaster (TU-DSPP-2024-17)
UK EPSRC (EP/P009727/2)
Leverhulme Trust (RF-2019-492)
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Article History
Received: 16 April 2025
Accepted: 22 August 2025
First Online: 2 October 2025
Change Date: 25 November 2025
Change Type: Update
Change Details: The original online version of this Article was revised: In the original version of this Article the affiliation 6 “College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,” was incorrectly given as “Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, IMSIU, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.” The original article has been corrected.
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study did not involve animals or human participants.
