Antoun, Maya
Elhajj, Imad H.
Sayour, Malak
Papadopoulos, Panos K.
Zarpalas, Dimitrios
Rizk, Anthony
Islam, ABM Tariqul
Huerta, Ivan
Toledo, Leonel
Arvanitis, Gerasimos
Moustakas, Konstantinos
Jevtić, Aleksandar
Agustí, Isaac
Vona, Francesco
Voigt-Antons, Jan-Niklas
Warsinke, Maximilian
Bailer, Werner
Thallinger, Georg
Howkins, Ben
Poder, Irma
Ruess, Maj
Asmar, Daniel
Article History
Received: 16 April 2024
Accepted: 27 August 2025
First Online: 3 October 2025
Competing interests
: Anthony Rizk is with IDEALworks GmbH, where the Industry use case is being tested. The AMRs shown in the figures are IDEALworks products. ABM Tariqul Islam is with DigitalTwin Technology GmbH. Aleksandar Jevtić and Isaac Agustí are with Ficosa Automotive SLU. The vehicle mentioned in the paper and depicted in Figure is a FICOSA vehicle. Ben Howkins, Irma Poder and Maj Ruess are with Trilateral Research Ltd., which provides consultancy services around the ethics of new and emerging technologies.