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Authors
McClure, David L.
Binswanger, Ingrid A.
Narwaney, Komal J.
Ford, Morgan A.
Nguyen, Anh P.
Rinehart, Deborah J.
Glanz, Jason M.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health (R01DA047537, R01DA047537, R01DA047537, R01DA047537, R01DA047537, R01DA047537, R01DA047537)
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Article History
Received: 30 May 2025
Accepted: 28 August 2025
First Online: 29 August 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This data-only study was approved by the Kaiser Permanente Interregional Institutional Review Board (IRB) with a waiver of informed consent and with IRB ceding from the other health systems. We confirm that all research was performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki13.
