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Authors
Chen, Yunxiang
Liu, Anbang
Zhang, Liping
Wan, Xinlong
Jiao, Jing
Sun, Zhigang
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Article History
Received: 6 March 2025
Accepted: 29 August 2025
First Online: 25 September 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The utilization of the MIMIC-IV database was sanctioned by the review boards of both the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre. Given the public availability of the data within the MIMIC-IV database, the study was exempt from the need for an ethics approval statement and informed consent.
