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Authors
Brown, Mary M.
Kuhle, Stefan
Smith, Bruce
Allen, Victoria M.
Payne, Jennifer
Woolcott, Christy G.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Nova Scotia Health Research Foundation (PSO-SS-2017-1358)
Dalhousie University
New Brunswick Innovation Foundation (TRF-0000000145)
IWK Health Centre (22523)
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Article History
Received: 16 June 2025
Accepted: 1 September 2025
First Online: 26 September 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the IWK Health Centre Research Ethics Board (#1023071) and the Joint Data Access Committee of the Reproductive Care Program of Nova Scotia. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, including those outlined in the Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans – TCPS 2 (2022). The need for informed consent for this database-based study was waived by the IWK Health Centre Research Ethics Board as per the Nova Scotia Personal Health Information Act.
: The Nova Scotia Atlee Perinatal Database (NSAPD) data used in this report were made available by the Reproductive Care Program of Nova Scotia, a program of IWK Health (IWK). Although this analysis is based on data obtained from IWK, and it was reviewed before publication to ensure compliance with NSAPD disclosure policies, and understanding of the variable definitions, the observations and opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of IWK.
