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Authors
Liu, Yuxuan
Ma, Yuting
Wang, Han
Sun, Yingying
Zheng, Fei
Zhao, Miaoqing
Sun, Xiaorong https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8520-9556
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The National Natural Science Foundation of China (82373424)
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Article History
Received: 16 February 2025
Accepted: 3 September 2025
First Online: 6 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study complied with the ethical principles of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. This retrospective analysis received approval from the Ethics Committee at Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute (Approval ID: SDTHEC2024005003). This investigation analysed data that had been acquired for routine clinical care between January 2021 and March 2023. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant’s parents or legal guardians. All participants provided written informed consent before participation in the study. All study procedures conformed to both the institutional ethical standards and the international guidelines cited above.
