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Authors
Zhao, Ai
Gong, Mi
Zhu, Yuanyuan
Yang, Yijun
Wang, Fei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Huai’an Basic Research Plan (Joint Special Project) Health Research Project (HABL2023064)
Northern Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Research Institute’s 2024 Projects (HAKY202400225)
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Article History
Received: 3 June 2025
Accepted: 3 September 2025
First Online: 29 September 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), jointly conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), underwent comprehensive ethics review and was approved by the NCHS Research Ethics Review Board (NCHS ERB). Written informed consent was obtained from each participant. Because the present work constitutes secondary analyses of de-identified data, no additional institutional review board oversight was required.
