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Article History

Received: 2 March 2025

Accepted: 3 September 2025

First Online: 15 September 2025

Change Date: 24 November 2025

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The original online version of this Article was revised: The Acknowledgements section was missing from this article and should have read “The second author acknowledges funding by National Funds of the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) within the project UID/03182, Centre for Research in Economics and Management/University of Minho.” the original article has been corrected.

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Informed consent to participate and publish was obtained from all participants involved in this study. The participants were fully briefed on the study objectives, and voluntary participation was ensured.

: Written informed consent was obtained from each participant after they were fully briefed on the study objectives and procedures. Participants were reassured that their participation was voluntary and that they had the right to withdraw at any time without consequences. All responses were collected anonymously and handled with strict confidentiality. The study design ensured adequate protection of participants’ rights, privacy, and data security. This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the Egyptian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, which regulates ethical research involving human participants in nonmedical fields. Furthermore, the research adhered to the general ethical principles outlined in international research integrity frameworks.