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Authors
Zubair, Akmal
Ali, Muhammad
Al-Emam, Ahmed
Elmagzoub, Ranya Mohammed
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Article History
Received: 7 April 2025
Accepted: 3 September 2025
First Online: 29 September 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan, under protocol numbers BEC-FBS-QAU2023-520 (dated September 12, 2023) and BEC-FBS-QAU2020-232 (dated February 6, 2020). There are no human or animal participants in this study. Only serum samples from people with HIV were collected. The patients (or, in the case of babies, their guardians) gave their informed written permission. Furthermore, patients’ personal information is not needed for this study. Every technique was carried out in compliance with the applicable rules and regulations.
: This study does not involve any human or animal subjects.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
