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Authors
Khaliq, Shaista
Nachev, Milen
Riekenberg, Philip M.
Jochmann, Maik A.
Vosough, Maryam
Franke, Frederik
Scharsack, Jörn P.
Kurtz, Joachim
Sures, Bernd
van der Meer, Marcel T. J.
Schmidt, Torsten C.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universität Duisburg-Essen
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Article History
Received: 8 November 2024
Accepted: 5 September 2025
First Online: 18 September 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The maintenance and handling of sticklebacks adhered to animal welfare standards established by the EU Directive 2010/63/EU for animal experimentation. Approval for all animal procedures was obtained from the ‘State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection’ (LANUV) of North Rhine-Westphalia (Project No. 87 51.04.2010.A297), following an ethical review. This study was also conducted in accordance to the ARRIVE guidelines () for transparent reporting in animal research.
