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Authors
Mai, Jiehe
Wang, Yanfang
Li, Xiaowan
Yang, Ting
Zhao, Zhanyuan
Liang, Hongkai
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Article History
Received: 28 April 2025
Accepted: 5 September 2025
First Online: 8 October 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical approval was waived by the Institutional Review Board of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA, USA) for this retrospective study due to the lack of direct patient intervention and the use of a security schema certified to meet the HIPAA Safe Harbor standard for re-identification risk by an independent privacy expert (Privacert, Cambridge, MA; Certification No. 1031219-2). The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and adhered to all relevant institutional guidelines.
: Not applicable.
: The requirement for informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA, USA) because only de-identified data were used.
: Not applicable.
