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Authors
Yadav, Nand Lal
Singh, Sudhakar
Kumar, Rajesh
Nishad, D. K.
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Article History
Received: 25 June 2025
Accepted: 5 September 2025
First Online: 8 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This research utilized publicly available datasets (NIH ChestX-ray14 Dataset, COVID-19 Radiography Database, and Tuberculosis Chest X-ray Database) that have been previously de-identified and made available for research purposes. No additional ethics approval was required as no human subjects were directly involved in this study. The research complies with all relevant ethical guidelines for medical image analysis research.
: Not applicable as the manuscript does not contain data from any individual person.
