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Article History

Received: 12 June 2025

Accepted: 5 September 2025

First Online: 8 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The Institutional Review Board of the Criminal Investigation Police University of China reviewed and approved the studies involving human participants. The IRB confirmed that all methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. The researchers explained the research objectives to the participants in the introductory section of the questionnaire. All participants provided their consent and completed the informed consent form. The data was distributed anonymously, compiled, and analyzed, and the results were provided to the authorities.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Not applicable.