Jang, Wonwoo
Son, Yejun
Lee, Jae E.
Kim, Hyejun
Hong, Seohyun
Jo, Yeona
Cho, Hanseul
Lee, Hayeon
Woo, Ho Geol
Hajek, André
Yon, Dong Keon
Smith, Lee
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea (RS-2023-00248157)
Institute for Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation) (IITP-2024-RS-2024-00438239)
Article History
Received: 14 August 2025
Accepted: 5 September 2025
First Online: 8 October 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All Global School-based Student Health Survey surveys and protocols were approved, in each country, by a national government administration (most often the Ministry of Health or Education), an institutional review board, an ethics committee, and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ethical considerations were upheld, adhering to the Declaration of Helsinki.