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Article History

Received: 1 May 2025

Accepted: 9 September 2025

First Online: 13 October 2025

Declarations

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: HF has the following conflicts of interest: the Takeda Science Foundation, backed by an endowment from the Takeda Pharmaceutical Company; the Japan Research Foundation for Clinical Pharmacology, associated with Daiichi Sankyo Company Limited; The Daiwa Securities Health Foundation was established by Daiwa Securities Group Inc., and the Nakatomi Foundation, established by the Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co. The Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Welfare Foundation was established by the Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Co., Ltd. HF received honoraria from the Daiichi Sankyo Company Limited; Ajinomoto Co., Inc.; Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd.; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company; Pfizer Japan Inc.; Ayumi Pharmaceutical Corporation, and Luminex Japan Corporation Ltd. HF was supported by research grants from Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. ST was supported by research grants from the following pharmaceutical companies: Astellas Pharma Inc.; Abbott Japan Co., Ltd.; Eisai Co., Ltd.; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Merck, Sharp and Dohme Inc.; Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited; Pfizer Japan Inc.; and Teijin Pharma Limited. ST received honoraria from Astellas Pharma Inc.; Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; AbbVie GK.; Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation; Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; and Pfizer Japan Inc. The other authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

: This study was read and endorsed by the National Hospital Organization Central Institutional Review Board and the Research Ethics Committee of Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine. Informed written consent was provided by every study participant. This study was performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki.