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Authors
Puenpa, Jiratchaya
Vichaiwattana, Preeyaporn
Aeemjinda, Ratchadawan
Wongsrisang, Lakkhana
Korkong, Sumeth
Wang, Jen-Ren
Wanlapakorn, Nasamon
Poovorawan, Yong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Second Century Fund Fellowship of Chulalongkorn University
the Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital
the Health Systems Research Institute (HSRI No. 68-026)
the MK Restaurant Group and Aunt Thongkam Foundation
the Education and Public Welfare Foundation, and the BJC Big C Foundation
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Article History
Received: 10 April 2025
Accepted: 9 September 2025
First Online: 13 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Due to the retrospective nature of the study, the Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand (approval number IRB0933/67) waived the need to obtain informed consent.
: We hereby declare that generative AI (ChatGPT-4.0) was employed solely for the refinement of language and enhancement of readability within this manuscript, including the translation from Thai to English. All content, concepts, and findings were wholly conceived and developed by the authors. Following the language editing process, the authors conducted a thorough review of the final version to ensure its accuracy, integrity, and adherence to academic standards.
