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Authors
Mohd Zain, Hamidah
Muhamad, Musthahimah
Nik Mohamed Kamal, Nik Nur Syazni
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) (Reference code: FRGS/1/2021/STG01/USM/02/11), Account no. 203.CIPPT.6711976, Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) (Reference code: FRGS/1/2021/STG01/USM/02/11), Account no. 203.CIPPT.6711976)
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Article History
Received: 4 June 2025
Accepted: 10 September 2025
First Online: 15 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
