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Authors
Yue, Jian
Wen, Fang
He, Dele
Chen, Sheng
Huang, Guoxing
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Beijing Wei’ai Public Welfare Foundation (JVI2024-0101231021)
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Article History
Received: 28 June 2025
Accepted: 11 September 2025
First Online: 16 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All animal procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University (Approval No.2024#gzm02871) and performed in strict compliance with: (i) China’s National Standard GB/T 35823–2018 Laboratory Animal-Guideline for Ethical Review, (ii) ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines and (iii) AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2020 Edition. Animals were housed under specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions with ad libitum access to food/water. Humane endpoints were enforced by immediate euthanasia via CO₂ asphyxiation (30% chamber volume/min displacement) followed by cervical dislocation when tumor volume exceeded 1000 mm3. All invasive procedures employed isoflurane anesthesia (3% in 100% O₂ at 1 L/min). Prohibited agents (chloral hydrate/ether/chloroform) were not used.
