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Authors
Cong, Xuhui
Zou, Xuli
Jiang, LuLu
Zhu, Ruilou
Li, Yubao
Liu, Lu
Zhang, Jiaqiang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The National Natural Science Foundation of China (82071217, 82071217, 82071217, 82071217, 82071217, 82071217, 82071217)
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Article History
Received: 14 November 2024
Accepted: 16 September 2025
First Online: 21 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was reviewed and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Henan Provincial People’s Hospital under the project title “Multicenter Retrospective Study on Anesthesia-related Risk Factors for Perioperative Mortality in Elderly Non-Cardiac Surgery Patients” (Approval No. (2021) Ethics Review No. 157; date of approval: November 16, 2022). The requirement for written informed consent was waived by the committee due to the retrospective nature of the study, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and applicable national regulations.
