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Authors
Wang, Shu-chao
Peng, Lei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Medizinische Fakultät Heidelberg der Universität Heidelberg
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Article History
Received: 10 June 2025
Accepted: 17 September 2025
First Online: 14 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) is conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and has been approved by the NCHS Research Ethics Review Board. All participants provided informed consent at the time of the interview. The present study used publicly available, de-identified NHIS data linked with the National Death Index and was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. As a secondary analysis of anonymized data, this study was deemed exempt from institutional review board (IRB) oversight.
