Shao, Yichuan
Weng, Shiqian
Sun, Haijing
Gao, Qian
Zhang, Le
Mao, Zhiqiang
Xu, Shuai
Zhang, Zhitao
Xing, Lei
Article History
Received: 1 July 2025
Accepted: 17 September 2025
First Online: 22 October 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: wengshiqian/BDS-Adam: An Improved Adam Optimizer with Adaptive Variance Recti-fication and Borgesian Gradient-Aware Smoothing Dual Mechanisms.