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Article History

Received: 4 August 2025

Accepted: 17 September 2025

First Online: 22 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study does not involve human subjects, animal subjects, or any biological materials requiring ethical approval. The research was conducted entirely on industrial waste materials and building material specimens under laboratory conditions. All experimental procedures followed standard materials testing protocols and safety guidelines established by the institution. No ethical approval was required for this materials science investigation.