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Authors
Halder, Shimul
Fatema-Tuz-Zohora,
Chowdhury, Tania Ahmed
Bhowmik, Leon
Shuma, Madhabi Lata
Das, Harinarayan
Sarkar, Sulobh
Muhit, Md. Abdul
Shill, Manik Chandra
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University Grants Commission of Bangladesh (DU/Reg./Admin-3/63501, 07 March 2023)
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Article History
Received: 7 May 2025
Accepted: 17 September 2025
First Online: 13 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no financial or personal conflicts of interest related to this study.
: All animal experiments were conducted in accordance with internationally accepted standards for the ethical treatment of laboratory animals, including the principles outlined in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (8th Edition, NIH). Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Animal Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka (Approval No. 234, dated 30 August 2023). The study complied with the ARRIVE (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) guidelines to ensure rigorous and transparent reporting of in vivo research. All efforts were made to minimize animal suffering, distress, and discomfort. Animal use was carefully planned to adhere to the 3Rs principle; Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement- aiming to reduce the number of animals used without compromising the scientific integrity of the study. Appropriate anesthesia and humane endpoints were employed throughout the experimental procedures, and animals were monitored regularly to ensure their welfare. Housing, handling, and experimental protocols were designed to meet or exceed institutional and international standards for animal care.
