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Authors
Singh, Kirit
Foster, Matthew W.
Violette, Marlene J.
Corcoran, Anna M.
Hotchkiss, Kelly M.
Railton, Chelsea O.
Blandford, Emily E.
Blethen, Kathryn E.
Thomas, Elizabeth L.
McIntosh, William C.
Ashley, David M.
Desjardins, Annick
Friedman, Henry S.
Johnson, Margaret O.
Friedman, Allan
Keir, Stephen
Buckley, Evan D.
Herndon, James E.
McLendon, Roger E.
Sampson, John H.
Calabrese, Evan
López, Giselle Y.
Grant, Gerald A.
Patel, Anoop P.
Gregory, Simon G.
Li, Chuan-Yuan
Fecci, Peter E.
Khasraw, Mustafa
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Knox Martin Foundation
Langford Cregger Foundation
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Article History
Received: 11 July 2025
Accepted: 18 September 2025
First Online: 23 October 2025
Declarations
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: MWF, MJV, AMC, KMH, COR, EEB, KEB, ELT, WCM, DMA, AD, HSF, MOJ, AF, SK, EDB, JEH, REM, EC, GAG, SGG, CYL declare that they have no competing interests. KS reports consulting fees, an equity interest, grants paid to his institution, and research contracts from Adaptin Bio, which has licensed intellectual property from Duke related to the use of Brain Bi-specific T cell Engagers (BRiTE) and combination autologous lymphocyte therapy. JHS reports an equity interest in Istari Oncology, which has licensed intellectual property from Duke related to the use of poliovirus and D2C7 in the treatment of glioblastoma. JHS is an inventor on patents related to Brain Bi-specific T cell Engagers (BRiTE), PEP-CMV DC vaccine with tetanus, as well as poliovirus vaccine and D2C7 in the treatment of glioblastoma. GYL reports consulting fees from Servier Pharmaceuticals. GYL is a consultant for and has equity in SNPsnipe, Inc. APP is a consultant for Sygnomics, Syapse, and Servier Pharmaceuticals, and has an equity in Sygnomics. PEF reports support as an Akash fellow of the CRI Lloyd J. Old STAR award program and has received consulting fees and grant funding from Monteris Medical outside the submitted work. MK reports grants or contracts from BMS, AbbVie, BioNTech, CNS Pharmaceuticals, Daiichi Sankyo Inc., Immorna Therapeutics, Immvira Therapeutics, JAX lab for genomic research, and Personalis, Inc.; received consulting fees from AnHeart Therapeutics, Berg Pharma, George Clinical, Manarini Stemline, and Servier; received honoraria from GSK; and is on a data safety monitoring board for BPG Bio.
