Document is current

Article History

Received: 23 June 2025

Accepted: 19 September 2025

First Online: 6 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: We declare no competing interests.

: The study protocol involving human participants was reviewed and approved by the UK Biobank. The approval was received from the Institutional Review Boards of the North West Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee for the United Kingdom, from the National Information Governance Board for Health and Social Care for England and Wales, and from the Community Health Index Advisory Group for Scotland. All participants provided informed consent via a touch-screen system, which included agreement to individual statements and electronic signatures. Written informed consent was not required under applicable national legislation and institutional guidelines.

: As we used de-identified data in our analyses, the need to obtain informed consent was waived. No patients were involved in establishing the research question or outcome measures or in developing plans for recruitment, design, or implementation of the study. No patients were asked for advice on interpretation or documentation of results. There are no plans to disseminate the research results to study participants or the relevant patient community.

: The lead authors affirm that this manuscript is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study being reported; that no important aspects of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned (and, if relevant, registered) have been explained.

: We have no plans to disseminate the results of the research to study participants or the relevant patient community. As anonymized data were used in this study, the authors had no direct contact information of the study participants to disseminate the results of the research.