Document is current

Article History

Received: 2 April 2025

Accepted: 19 September 2025

First Online: 27 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Sultan Idris Education University. The study period allowed under approval number 2021-0454-01 is from 29 December 2021 until 29 December 2022. For detailed information, please refer to the PDF file in the ethics review submission. Informed consent was obtained orally from all adult teachers prior to their participation, ensuring that they were fully aware of the study’s purpose, procedures, potential benefits, and any associated risks. As this study did not involve minors, parental or guardian consent was not required. Additionally, the ethics committee waived the requirement for written informed consent. All data collected during this study were fully anonymiaed to protect the confidentiality of the participants. Personal identifying information was removed and responses were securely stored to prevent unauthorised access. This study adhered to all relevant ethical guidelines and regulations, ensuring that participant information was handled with the utmost care and integrity throughout the research process.