Enhancing Urdu hate speech detection through differential transfer learning and adaptive loss functions
Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-21306-w
Published Online: 2025-10-27
Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy
Hussain, Ijaz
Arshad, Muhammad Mahr Ali
Cheema, Ammara Nawaz
Almanjahie, Ibrahim M.
Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-10-27
Version of Record valid from 2025-10-27
Article History
Received: 7 March 2025
Accepted: 19 September 2025
First Online: 27 October 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.