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Authors
Li, Zhihui
Ban, Yue
Hu, Minli
Deng, Liping
Xie, Xiaohua
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University (Hlqm12025106)
the Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen (SZSM202111014)
the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (JCYJ20230807115119040)
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Article History
Received: 28 June 2025
Accepted: 19 September 2025
First Online: 24 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The CHARLS study protocol was approved by the Peking University Ethics Review Committee (IRB00001052-11015) in Beijing, China. All participants provided written informed consent.
