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Article History

Received: 27 November 2024

Accepted: 19 September 2025

First Online: 27 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study adheres to ethical standards for research in educational data analytics. The data collection process was conducted through student questionnaires, ensuring that participants provided informed consent prior to their participation. The following ethical principles were upheld throughout the study: (1) Anonymity and Confidentiality: All student data were anonymized to protect individual identities, and the dataset was stored securely, accessible only to authorized personnel. (2) Data Usage: The data collected were used solely for the purposes outlined in this study. The dataset does not contain any personally identifiable information. (3) Compliance with Guidelines: This research complies with ethical standards and guidelines prescribed by the institutions involved and aligns with national regulations for educational research.

: Participants were fully informed about the purpose of the research, the use of their data, and their rights to withdraw at any time without repercussions.