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Article History

Received: 24 May 2025

Accepted: 19 September 2025

First Online: 27 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted under the original ethical approval (Protocol No. IEC-C-008-A07-V1.0) granted by the ethics committee of the Suzhou Municipal Hospital on 25 January 2022. The initial prospective cohort study enrolled preterm neonates (gestational age < 30 weeks) admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). All specimens were derived from discarded umbilical cord blood at birth and clinically obtained residual blood samples collected during routine medical care within the first 28 postnatal days. Written informed consent obtained from all legal guardians explicitly authorized the retention and future use of de-identified specimens for research on BPD pathophysiology 30 .