Schönfeldt, Abram
Maylor, Benjamin
Chen, Xiaofang
Clark, Ronald
Doherty, Aiden
Funding for this research was provided by:
EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Health Data Science (EP/S02428X/1)
Swiss Re
Boehringer Ingelheim
Wellcome Trust (223100/Z/21/Z, 223100/Z/21/Z)
Novo Nordisk
National Institutes of Health’s Oxford Cambridge Scholars Program
British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence (RE/18/3/34214, RE/18/3/34214)
Danish National Research Foundation
Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases–National Science and Technology Major Project (2023ZD0510100)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (2192900, 82192901, 82192904, 81390540, 91846303)
Article History
Received: 27 May 2025
Accepted: 19 September 2025
First Online: 24 October 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.