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Article History

Received: 23 June 2025

Accepted: 19 September 2025

First Online: 24 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of China Medical University Hospital [Approval number: CMUH114-REC3-054] and was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The dataset consists of previously de-identified data used for research purposes, with all personally identifiable information encrypted. Due to the retrospective nature of the study and the anonymization of all data prior to analysis, the requirement for informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee of China Medical University Hospital [Approval number: CMUH114-REC3-054]. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.

: Shih-Sheng Chang is the guarantor of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.