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Authors
Ge, Hongliang
Jing, Yajun
Su, Jinye
He, Qiu
Wang, Dengliang
Cai, Jiawei
Wu, Zanyi
Kang, Dezhi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2023J01602)
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Article History
Received: 10 December 2024
Accepted: 21 September 2025
First Online: 27 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All authors signed the SEER Research Data Agreement to protect patient privacy, ensuring that all data used in the study comply with the ethical principles outlined in the agreement. The SEER database is a publicly accessible de-identified dataset, and the use of its data for research purposes is approved by the National Cancer Institute under the SEER program. Given the anonymized nature of SEER data, informed consent is not required for its use in research. For the external validation cohort, all data collection was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University (protocol number: [2024]117]). Informed consent was obtained from all patients prior to inclusion in the study. Data from the external cohort were collected retrospectively and anonymized to ensure patient confidentiality during data linkage with the SEER dataset. Ethical oversight was maintained throughout the study, with adherence to all local and international ethical guidelines for the protection of human participants in medical research.
