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Article History

Received: 8 May 2025

Accepted: 22 September 2025

First Online: 5 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study protocol adhered to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki for research involving human subjects and received approval from the local research ethics committee of the High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of El Kef, University of Jendouba, Jednouba, Tunisia (reference (ISSEPK-0033/2024). It also complied with the ethical and procedural requirements for the conduct of sports medicine and exercise science research 58 . Since participants were minors, written informed consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians before participation, along with verbal assent from the participants. This consent process followed a thorough explanation of the study’s methodology and a discussion of its potential risks and benefits.

: This study complied with the ethical and procedural requirements for conducting sports medicine and exercise science research. As the participants were minors, written informed consent for publication was obtained from their parents or legal guardians before participation.

: In preparing this paper, the authors used the ChatGPT model 4 on 15 March 2024, to revise some manuscript passages, double-check for grammar mistakes, and improve academic English only. After using this tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as necessary and took take full responsibility for the publication’s content 89,90 .