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Authors
Qi, Hui
Han, Rui
Duan, Kaige
Shi, Ying
Qi, Xiaobo
Gao, Chenghai
Ren, Lifang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61503229)
The Achievement Transformation and Technology Transfer Base of Taiyuan Normal University (No. 2023P003)
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Article History
Received: 14 December 2024
Accepted: 22 September 2025
First Online: 28 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: (1) For Approval:this study used publicly available face liveliness detection datasets, which are free and accessible. The use of these datasets does not involve any patient privacy issues. Additionally, the real-time detection of whether the face belongs to the individual does not raise privacy concerns. We hereby declare that we have complied with the terms and conditions set by the dataset creators, ensuring that the participants’ rights and privacy are not violated when handling public datasets. (2) For accordance, all methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. (3) For consent, informed consent was obtained from all subjects. (4) For consent for publication:that informed consent has been obtained from all participants for the publication of identifiable information/images in.
