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Authors
Azzena, Ilenia
Locci, Chiara
Pascale, Noemi
Deplano, Ilaria
Senigaglia, Riccardo
Batistini, Edoardo
Caracciolo, Daniela
Chiantore, Mariachiara
Ciriaco, Saul
Ferranti, Maria Paola
Grech, Daniele
Liconti, Arianna
Montefalcone, Monica
Oprandi, Alice
Pitacco, Valentina
Segarich, Marco
Zakhama-Sraieb, Rym
Ben Hmida, Ahmed
Zribi, Salma
Scarpa, Fabio
Casu, Marco
Sanna, Daria
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
LIFE Program of the European Union: LIFE PINNA LIFE20 “Conservation and re-stocking of Pinna nobilis in the western Mediterranean and Adriatic Sea” (LIFE PINNA LIFE20 NAT/IT/001122 CUP B95F21001880002)
Italian Ministry of University and Research, PNRR, “Dalla ricerca all’impresa”, which supported the National Biodiversity Future Center of the University of Sassari (Investimento 1.4 Project CN00000033, Missione 4, Componente 2)
Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning of Slovenia, with additional financial support from the Slovenian Research Agency (research core funding no. P1-0237)
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Article History
Received: 8 January 2025
Accepted: 22 September 2025
First Online: 28 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: For the collection of tissues, we used a specific non-lethal sampling method that did not cause significant damage to the shells and soft tissues of Pinna nobilis . This method received the approval of the Italian “Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA)” and “Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare”. Small mantle tissue fragments were collected via scuba diving with minimal harm to the shells or soft tissues of Pinna nobilis individuals, under permits from the respective authorities for each protected area. These include the derogation authorization under DPR 357/97, for research activities on Pinna nobilis as part of the European LIFE20 NAT/IT/001122—LIFE PINNA project (Prot. MASE 0049391 of 30/03/2023), issued by the Ministry of the Environment and Energy Security—Directorate General for Biodiversity and the Sea, and the Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA). Additionally, a permit was released on February 22, 2022, by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Spatial Planning of the Republic of Slovenia (former Ministry for the Environment and Spatial Planning) (n. 35606-9/2022-2550-5).
