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Article History

Received: 7 September 2024

Accepted: 23 September 2025

First Online: 29 October 2025

Declarations

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: Eligible patients were at least 18 years old and had a diagnosis of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease based on the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 11th Revision (ICD-11)-WHO Version and could take antiretroviral therapy (ART) as determined by the study physician, who received antiretroviral therapy medication with regular follow-ups at ART clinic. Patients who had been diagnosed with stroke, intellectual disability, or other cognitive abnormalities were excluded. This research was conducted after receiving an ethical clearance letter from the University of Gondar, College of Medicine and Health Science, institutional review board committee at University of Gondar, Ethiopia and letter of permission to conduct the study was obtained from department of psychiatry. All methods were performed following the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. Study participants provided written informed consent. Participants had the option to decline or withdraw at any point and could ask questions about the study. Throughout the study period, all personal information was kept entirely anonymous, and confidentiality was ensured. Participants were neither forced nor compensated for their involvement, and it was purely voluntary. The primary investigators handled and safeguarded all of the data collected.

: The authors declare no competing interests.