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Authors
Xu, Zhening
Cui, Yuyu
Ding, Lijuan
Zhou, Xiaoyan
Li, Lingxia
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Article History
Received: 6 July 2025
Accepted: 23 September 2025
First Online: 29 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This cohort study utilized data from the CHARLS database. Patient information was anonymized before analysis. The original CHARLS study received approval from the Ethical Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052–11015), with all participants providing informed consent at the time of their enrollment. This research adheres to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
