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Authors
Duque, Andres
Araujo, Lourdes
Martinez-Romo, Juan
Esteban-Vasallo, María D.
Domínguez-Berjón, María-Felicitas
Malillos Perez, David
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (TED2021-130398B-C21)
Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (2023-VICE-0029)
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Article History
Received: 9 May 2025
Accepted: 24 September 2025
First Online: 30 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was conducted using a dataset of anonymized and obfuscated clinical notes and did not involve any direct interaction with human participants or collection of biological samples. The research protocol was approved by the Comité de ética de la Investigación con Medicamentos Regional de la Comunidad de Madrid (CEIm-R) under project PID2019-106942RB-C32 (Protocol Version 3.0_15/03/2021). Informed consent was not required, as the dataset contains no personally identifiable information, and all procedures comply with relevant ethical regulations and data protection laws, including Real Decreto 957/2020, Ley Orgánica 3/2018, and EU Regulation 2016/679 (GDPR).
