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Article History

Received: 24 June 2025

Accepted: 24 September 2025

First Online: 31 October 2025

Change Date: 20 February 2026

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The original online version of this Article was revised: In the original version of this Article, Reference 44, “İşleyen, S. K., Uçar, F. & Balo, F. Safety–security analysis of maritime surveillance systems in critical marine areas. Sustainability 15 (23), 16381 (2023)” was incorrectly cited in the Article and listed in the Reference list. This reference has now been removed and replaced with the correct citation of Reference 44: “Şengül, B. et al. Safety–security analysis of maritime surveillance systems in critical marine areas. Sustainability, 15 (23), 16381 (2023).” The original Article has been corrected.

Declarations

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: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This research was conducted in accordance with ethical guidelines for computational studies involving maritime data. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of GongQing Institute of Science and Technology (Ethics Approval No: GIST-2024-CS-078, Date: March 15, 2024). All experimental procedures involving simulated maritime traffic data were conducted following the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki for research ethics. The synthetic datasets used in this study were generated based on publicly available AIS trajectory patterns and do not contain any personally identifiable information or sensitive commercial data from real maritime operations. Privacy protection measures were implemented throughout the research process, including differential privacy mechanisms and secure multi-party computation protocols, ensuring compliance with international data protection regulations including GDPR and maritime industry privacy standards.