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Article History

Received: 2 June 2025

Accepted: 24 September 2025

First Online: 30 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was carried out in a randomized crossover design at the Tzu Chi Medical Simulation Center in Hualien County, Taiwan, on December 6, 2023. The research received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board of Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital in Chiayi, Taiwan, under the approval number B11203025.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all individuals involved, permitting publication of their anonymized data.

: The cadavers used in this study were obtained through the Silent Mentor Program at Tzu Chi University in Hualien, Taiwan. All donors voluntarily pledged their bodies for medical education and research purposes prior to death. The program is ethically managed and operates under the guidelines established by Tzu Chi University.

: All procedures involving human cadavers were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of Tzu Chi University’s Silent Mentor Program. Informed consent was obtained from all donors prior to death, and the study was approved by the university’s relevant ethical review board.