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Article History

Received: 29 July 2025

Accepted: 24 September 2025

First Online: 30 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study does not involve any experimental research related to clinical trials, animals, human tissues, or biological samples. Human participation in this study is limited to interview surveys. Human participants were recruited based on the principle of voluntary participation in this study. Before the study commenced, the researchers informed all participants about the purpose of the research, the survey process, the use of the collected data, and the participants’ rights, obtaining their consent. All participants signed the informed consent form. Interviews with participants in this study were conducted from 10, January, 2025 to 7, February, 2025. This study does not involve any discussion related to personal religious beliefs, racial identity, political views, sexual orientation, financial information, or any other private matters. All data and information were collected, recorded, and stored anonymously and confidentially, without any actions that would infringe upon the privacy, dignity, health, or human rights of the participants. We confirm that all methods and procedures in this paper were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, adhering to ethical oversight requirements. The results presented in this study are original and have not been published or submitted elsewhere. This study has been reviewed and is hereby granted approval for implementation by the Jawatankuasa Etika Penyelidikan Manusia Universiti Sains Malaysia (JEPeM-USM), Human Research Ethics Committee USM (HREC). Ethics Approval Number: USM/JEPeM/PP/24 080783.