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Authors
Li, Na
Zhao, Shuqiang
Ma, Dan
Guo, Wenjing
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
2024 Annual Research Project of the National Academy of Chinese Traditional Sports, General Administration of Sport of China (WSH2024B008)
2022 Ministry of Education Humanities and Social Sciences Research Planning Fund Project (22YJC890017)
Henan Provincial Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning Project (2022CTY031)
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Article History
Received: 7 April 2025
Accepted: 25 September 2025
First Online: 31 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Physical Education, Shandong University of Science and Technology. All participants provided written informed consent. No artificial intelligence (AI) tools were used in the writing, analysis, or preparation of this manuscript. All content was authored and revised by the listed authors. This study was not preregistered. All analytic decisions were made prior to data collection, based on the study’s theoretical framework and methodological design outlined in the research protocol. All procedures were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration.
