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Authors
Sanders, Faye
Waldren, Lucy H.
Baltramonaityte, Vilte
Lussier, Alexandre A.
Walton, Esther
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Advanced Automotive Propulsion Systems (EP/S023364/1)
Leverhulme Trust (RPG-2023-268)
European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (848158, 848158)
UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) under the UK government’s Horizon Europe / ERC Frontier Research Guarantee (EP/Y015037/1, EP/Y015037/1)
MQ Fellows Award from the MQ Foundation (MQF22\9)
National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health (R01MH113930, R01MH113930)
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Article History
Received: 17 January 2025
Accepted: 29 September 2025
First Online: 5 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: As described elsewhere 19 , ethical approval for the study was obtained from the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee and the Local Research Ethics Committees. Informed consent for the use of data collected via questionnaires and clinics was obtained from participants following the recommendations of the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee at the time. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects and/or their legal guardian(s). Full details of the ALSPAC consent procedures are available on the study website ( ). The study website ( ) contains details of all data available through a fully searchable data dictionary and variable search tool.
