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Article History

Received: 20 February 2025

Accepted: 3 October 2025

First Online: 11 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The patient-derived glioblastoma cells used in this study were originally collected more than 10 years ago by a previous research group, with informed consent obtained at the time of collection. As all patients have since passed away and the original investigators are now retired, re-contact with legal guardians was not possible. In recognition of the scientific value of these long-term cryopreserved samples, we sought approval from the institutional ethics committee, which reviewed the circumstances and granted authorization for their use in the present study. In addition, this manuscript does not contain any information or images that could lead to identification of the participant. The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (COA no. S0 531/2024 and the date of approval is July 8, 2024).