Singhal, Sonalika
Singhal, Samarth
Gardner, Kevin L.
Dikshit, Anushka
Doolittle, Emerald
Sens, Donald
Sens, Mary A.
Miller, Michael L.
Aung, Sai Tun Hein
Singhal, Sandeep K.
Article History
Received: 7 March 2025
Accepted: 6 October 2025
First Online: 30 October 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Human tissue samples used in this study were commercially obtained from Bio-Techne, a certified provider of ethically sourced biospecimens for research purposes. The bladder cancer tissue microarray (TMA) was procured through Bio-Techne, with samples supplied by its authorized vendor, RCG Health Care and Biosciences. Certification by Dr. Govardhan H. B., Consultant Oncologist, verified that all specimens were collected in accordance with the legal and ethical standards of the country of origin. The informed consent process permitted the use of these biospecimens and associated clinical data for biomedical research.