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Article History

Received: 2 June 2025

Accepted: 7 October 2025

First Online: 12 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This retrospective study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Fujian Medical University (approval number: [2024] FJMU Oral Ethics Review No. 94). All experiments were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations including the Declaration of Helsinki and institutional ethical standards for human subjects research. Given the retrospective nature of this study using anonymized radiographic data originally acquired for routine clinical diagnostic purposes, the Ethics Committee granted a waiver of informed consent in accordance with institutional guidelines and applicable regulations.

: Not applicable. This study used only anonymized radiographic data with no identifiable patient information or images.