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Authors
Dai, Fan
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Article History
Received: 24 March 2025
Accepted: 8 October 2025
First Online: 14 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
: This research employs the publicly accessible LIDC-IDRI-CT, LUNA16-CT, and MosMed-CT datasets, hence negating the necessity for informed consent from individuals or their legal guardians. An authorized institutional or ethical committee has reviewed and approved all experimental protocols, and all methods have been carried out in accordance with the relevant regulations and ethical standards.
: There was no need for participants to provide consent because this study made use of the freely accessible LIDC-IDRI-CT, LUNA16-CT, and MosMed-CT Dataset.
: There is no need for permission to publish this research because no private dataset was utilized.
