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Authors
Katagiri, Natsuki
Kawashima, Kotaro
Hamasuna, Mizuki
Motoyama, Minoru
Yamaguchi, Tomofumi
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Article History
Received: 9 May 2025
Accepted: 8 October 2025
First Online: 14 November 2025
Declarations
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: Omron Healthcare Co., Ltd. supplied the electrical stimulation devices, activity monitors, and handheld dynamometers used in this study. The company had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Juntendo University (approval number: 20 − 014), and written informed consent was obtained from each participant before data collection began.
